Save. All Rights Reserved. Languages can also be mutually intelligible only in spoken forms such as Polish and Ukrainian or only in written forms such as Icelandic and Faroese. However, Bulgarian-Russian written intelligibility is much higher. Much of the claimed intelligibility is simply bilingual learning. Ukrainian and Belarusian are mutually intelligible and in general very close and have some common features like synthetical future, but Russian speakers (who know only Russian) only partially understand Ukrainian/Belarusian. Personally Im a Taoist in relation to 9/11, the middle way, you know? Just one example: the letter g was eliminated in order to make the Ukrainian h correspond exactly with Russian g. You are wrong about Slovenian and Croatian languages. After all, you can look at the study that I listed above and check the results of the written translation task (translation of 50 individual words), which illustrates the similarity of lexicons: Czechs best understand Slovak words (96,52%), then Polish (64,29%), then Bulgarian (57,00%), Croatian (55,38%) and Slovene (49,73%). Menu. Czechs say Lach is a part of Czech, and Poles say Lach is a part of Polish. ", "Moldovan (limba moldoveneasc / )", "Experimental methods for measuring intelligibility of closely related language varieties", "Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in Europe", Harold Schiffman, "Linguists' Definition: mutual intelligibility", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutual_intelligibility&oldid=1137818628, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2015, Pages with login required references or sources, Articles needing additional references from July 2022, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2015, Articles with self-published sources from April 2020, Articles with dead external links from December 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Kajkavian has higher mutual intelligibility with Slovene than with the national varieties of Shtokavian. But despite similarities in grammar and vocabulary and almost identical alphabets, they differ sharply in many ways and are not mutually intelligible. According to Ethnologue, there are more than 7,000 languages in the world, with some being more difficult to learn than others. It is an official language of the Bulgarian republic and one of 23 official languages of the European Union. In the 1500s, Kajkavian began to be developed in a standard literary form. 70%? She doesn't speak any Polish so it's going to be an interesting challenge. Tradues em contexto de "mutuamente compreensvel" en portugus-ingls da Reverso Context : Os membros da equipa de verificao da Comisso podem comunicar com as autoridades e com o pessoal do operador da instalao numa lngua comum e mutuamente compreensvel. Kajkavian was removed from public use after 1900, hence writing in the standard Kajkavian literary language was curtailed. Speaking of myself, after calculating everything, I can understand to specific degree Slovene, somewhat Slovak/Russian, Serbo-Croatian std without problems and also Macedonians. I think that nowadays people from Ni also dont understand that Serbian enough. Additionally, some Arabic speakers may be familiar with Egyptian Arabic through the media, so they may rely on this to bridge any language gaps. Serbo-Croatian (Shtokavian) has 55% intelligibility of Macedonian (varies from 25-90%), 27% of Slovenian, 25% of Slovak, 20% of Ukrainian, 13% of oral Bulgarian and 25% of written Bulgarian, 10% of oral Russian and 22% of written Russian, 10% of Czech, and 5% of Polish. (Jim Morrison). There are some words that we don't understand, but in general, these languages are much closer to each other than the pairs Russian-Ukrainian and Russian-Belarusian. I hope you will like it and will be useful for your researches! Vitebsk State University. A different dialect is spoken in each town. However, she is from Skopje, close to the Serbian border and which have had much more influence from Serbian. My take on it is right here. . In the towns of Pirot and Vranje, it cannot be said that they speak Serbo-Croatian; instead they speak this Bulgarian-Serbo-Croatian mixed speech. Slobozhan Russian is very close to Ukrainian, closer to Ukrainian than it is to Russian, and Slobozhan Ukrainian is very close to Russian, closer to Russian than to Ukrainian. Polish: Ukrainian and Belarusian (both partially; moreover, . Czechs are more urbane. Since then, Slovak has been disappearing from the Czech Republic, so the younger people dont understand Slovak so well. I am born and raised in Western Ukraine in a Russophone family. There are many differences between Bulgarian and Russian speakers. Ukrainian has 62% lexical similarity with Russian but 70% with Polish, which isn't high enough for mutual intelligibility with both Russian and Polish, but Poles can certainly understand Ukrainian much better than Russian, and Russians can understand Ukrainian much better than Poles. Spanish has varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with Galician, Portuguese, Catalan, Italian, Sardinian and French. Apart lack of understandability there are phrases that could be ill understood with famous Polish I am looking for the broom To deal with the conflict in cases such as Arabic, Chinese and German, the term Dachsprache (a sociolinguistic "umbrella language") is sometimes seen: Chinese and German are languages in the sociolinguistic sense even though speakers of some varieties cannot understand each other without recourse to a standard or prestige form. This is a political point, of course. I am not saying this to slam Ukrainians, but just an observation. So you believe the 9/11 narrative? Its often said that Czechs and Poles can understand each other, but this is not so. Complicating the picture is the fact that many Ukrainians are bilingual and speak Russian also. Thank you very much for this. I have friends from Bulgaria and I can tell you that they have problems by understanding some things. Serbians often say radiu and its very similar to Croatian raditi u or radit u, but sometimes Serbians say ja u da radim or even u da radim without ja (I), because u is first singular form of the verb hteti and ja is needless, but its very rare and common for southern Serbian dialects and also very very irregular in official Serbian, but that is very similar to official Macedonian. ENGLISH: Bulgarian language is an Indo-European language from the group of South-Slavic languages. A Serbian native speaker felt that the percentages for South Slavic seemed to be accurate. Ukrainians and Belarusians understand each other's languages with no problem. When there, they have to pass a language test. Colloquial Ukrainian spoken in most of the country is pretty much comprehensible to Russians. It's also highly intelligible with Portuguese in writing, though less so when spoken. You cannot simply separate the articles from the words during a regular conversation. The main Shtokavian dialects of Croatian, Serbian, Montenegrin and Bosnian are mutually intelligible. During the last 20 years, Ukraine has tried to make the language norm as far from Russian as possible for nationalistic reasons. And yes, comprehension has suffered since Czechoslovakia broke up, due to lack of exposure. Check out his page on the FBI 10 most wanted website. In brief, there is some mutual intelligibility, enough to have a simple conversation of the 'me Tarzan - you Jane' type, speakin. the use of the accusative is nearly identical in Ni Torlak and Kumanovo Macedonian (cannot say the same for standard Macedonian as it has no accusative to begin with) and is, in general, more of an oblique case than anything else So give these mutually intelligible languages a second look. Furthermore, not only does this app provide small lessons that can be expanded into full-on courses, but it also allows you to interact with native speakers of the target language. However, the Croatian macrolanguage has strange lects that Standard Croatian (tokavian) cannot understand. This is a great boon to travelers and language learners. CZECH: Bulharsk jazyk je indoevropsk jazyk ze skupiny jihoslovanskch jazyk. 0%. Tunisian Arabic is also considered mutually intelligible with Maltese, particularly with regards to idiomatic expressions. Slovenian while it sounds slavic to me is not intelligible at all save for a few words here and there. If I tell them few sentences (phrases) in Boyko dialect, then Russians wont be able to understand at all. Italian is partially mutually intelligible with French, Catalan, Sardinian, Spanish, Ladin and Romanian. Thats why in the Czechoslovak army the rule was: speak your own language, understand both. Russian is also 85% mutually intelligible with Belarusian and Ukrainian in . In fact, people in the north of Poland regard Silesian as incomprehensible. There are new scientific figures for Czech-Slovak, Czech-Serbo-Croatian and Czech-Bulgarian. Also there have been some czecho-slovak shows in TV lately like Czecho-Slovak Idol or Talent with judges and competitors from both countries and I have never heard of anyone who would complain about not understanding. I have no problems understanding the Torlakian dialect. Ukrainians seems closer to Slovak than Russian but some words in Russian are almost exactly the same in Slovak but in Ukranian they are completely different. Get 70% off + 10 languages + 14 day free trial. I think that this article is full of dubious numbers, but this is not necessarily the authors fault. Regarding Polish and Russian there are many words with opposite meaning. In the Kievan Rus', Russian and Ukrainian were dialects of the same language, meaning that they were largely mutually intelligible with only minor vocabulary or grammatical differences. December 2014. Slovak-Czech MI tests out at 82% in studies, which seems about right. That information is in error. NATO EU. They are native Kajkavian speakers and this is another proof that Kajkavian is actually Slovenian. Answer (1 of 11): Look, if you're Ukrainian you most likely already speak russian. Glad to hear you are steering clear of it. Maltese. Once you pick up those basic 50 words, understanding Macedonian becomes super easy that was my experience with Macedonian friends (the few of them who dont speak Serbian). Was he from Belgrade or Novi Sad or Nis? However, a Croatian linguist has helped me write part of the Croatian section, and he felt that at least that part of the paper was accurate. More properly, their speech is best seen as closer to Macedonian than to Bulgarian or Serbo-Croatian. Only nationalists and fanatics disagree. This is not the case, as all figures were derived from estimates by native speakers themselves, often a number of estimates averaged together. Serbo-Croatian intelligibility of Slovenian is 25-30%. 7. Polish is spoken outside of Poland by Polish diaspora groups in countries like Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Canada, and the United Kingdom. In the case of transparently cognate languages officially recognized as distinct such as Spanish and Italian, mutual intelligibility is in principle and in practice not binary (simply yes or no), but occurs in varying degrees, subject to numerous variables specific to individual speakers in the context of the communication. Most Croatian linguists recognized Kajkavian as a separate language. My guest from Ukraine will have to guess 6 animals that I'll describe to her in Polish. Other then that difference is in grammar and accent. the interrogatives are much more similar (kda vs. koga when; kd~kud vs. kade where; to~kakv (second form is more characteristic of Bulgarian) vs. to what; koj/koja/koe/koi vs. koj/koja/koe/koi who/which/that (interr. Dont let the past politics fool you. Finally, I think the Ukrainians' mentality if more Polish, while the Russian mentality is more fourteenth century Mongol. The real reason that Slavs cant even understand each other: not enough vowels in their tongues! Sorry for my English, Im still learning itespecially right word order. Most native speakers agree on MI. So they speak Macedonian to me and I speak Serbian to them, and we understand each other perfectly. Are Russian and Polish mutually intelligible? In contrast, Filipovi is talking slowly, and although some words have a different stress than in Czech, I can identify them pretty well and hence listening to this guy is basically like reading a written text in Serbo-Croatian. Russian has a decent intelligibility with Bulgarian, possibly on the order of 50%, but Bulgarian intelligibility of Russian seems lower. Chakavian has 82% intelligibility of Kajkavian. Pannonian Rusyn is actually a part of Slovak, and Rusyn proper is really a part of Ukrainian. The reason Macedonian appears not very intelligible to a Serbian speaker is because many basic words (be, do, this, that, where, etc) are completely different, however most of the rest of the vocabulary is similar or the same. You would be amazed at how good peoples estimates of this sort of thing are though. If youve studied one language, you may very well understand some of anotheror have a much easier time learning it. . More? The syntax is though very very similar! That word have special meaning and I think that Serbian needs that word, but if I tell that word seriously while I speak, everybody will laugh at me. Thank you. Nared s osnovnata, izpolzovana v Balgarija, saestvuvat oe makedonska norma, kojato sao izpolzva kirilica, i banatska norma, kojata izpolzva latinica. My parents (and naturally me when I was child) make a lot of mistakes in the word cases and it means that they are (for the speakers from more west Serbian and also Croatian region) the lower social group, that they are not educated enough or that they are unread, and why dont Macedonians in their native language too, especially in ex Yugoslavia. I am a native Spanish speaker but my girlfriend is Macedonian. Slobozhan Russian can also be called Kuban Russian or Balachka. In other words, Ukrainian speakers can often understand Russian, while Russian speaker doesn't understand Ukrainian, especially Russian speakers from outside Ukraine. Linguistic distance is the relative degree of difference between languages or dialects. Main difference between akavian, kajkavian and tokavian is in vocabulary. I work with Russians (dro. Ni Torlak vowel reflexes are otherwise in line with standard Serbian and Northwestern Macedonian, deriving nuclear /u e i e u r/ from / y * *l *r/; some Torlak dialects towards Kosovo or Bulgaria instead have [l ~ l] for /l/ (giving [v()l(:)k] where Serbian normally has [v:k]) but none in my vicinity. Macedonian side, the situation is more complicated (i will explain later). Yet we speak of Kai/Cha as of Serbo-Croatian dialects, while Slovenian is totally foreign. [1] Advanced speakers of a second language typically aim for intelligibility, especially in situations where they work in their second language and the necessity of being understood is high. most speakers of one language find it relatively easy to achieve some degree of understanding in the related language(s). But, as the goal of the OP was to debunk the myth that says every slavic speaker can understand each other, he is quite right on that. The Aegean Macedonian dialects mostly spoken in Greece, such as the Lerinsko-Kostursko and Solunsko-Vodenskadialects, sound more Bulgarian than Macedonian. So I asked my Russian wife to listen to some of them (mostly local news on Youtube). Bulgarian lexics does not seem to be familiar to Macedonians, what shows that Macedonian has been for too much time separated from the contact with Bulgarian which made Bulgarian unknown for Macedonian ear. Written intelligibility was only calculated for a number of language pairs. Czech completely and utterly incomprehensible. Personally, I must admit that Serbs from areas above Nis (cf. Generally, when foreigners say speakers of a certain language speak too fast, speakers of that language can hear that fast speech just fine. Now tokavian and akavian. Nice article, but I think there is a difference between spoken mutual intelligibility and different languages. Even little kids who watch the show understand. My father once read an article in polish and he said he understood almost everything, but when its spoken he said about 60%. Slovak somewhat more than Polish, but still very little. Because they use different alphabets, German and Yiddish are only mutually intelligible when spoken. However, the Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect in northeastern Greece and southern Bulgaria and the Maleevo-Pirin dialect in eastern Macedonia and western Bulgaria are transitional between Bulgarian and Macedonian. It is estimated that there is 89% lexical similarity with French, 87% similarity with Catalan (spoken in Southern Spain), 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish, 78% with Ladin (spoken in Northern Italy) and 77% with Romanian. I can understand quite a bit of basic polish when it is spoken on the street, but their pronunciation is so weird its hard to notice sometimes. It is time to stop believing to the politically motivated propaganda about our languages and start telling the truth. I believe Actually the way it is spoken sometimes sounds more like Slovak to me than Czech or polish does, however past really basic speech it is pretty hard to understand. The Rusyn language is composed of 50% Slovak roots and 50% Ukrainian roots, so some difficult intelligibility with Ukrainian might be expected. Some comments on Ukrainian: A lect called iarija Slovenian is spoken on the Istrian Peninsula in Slovenia just north of Croatia. What percentage of Ukraine speaks Polish? Reactions: So far there have been few reactions to the paper. . Another similar example would be varieties of Arabic, which additionally share a single prestige variety in Modern Standard Arabic. And the same problem emerges in other situations. Many Ukrainian-speakers consider the language . But akavian being archaic it has old slavic package. Upper Dnistrian is influenced by German and Polish. Czech and Polish are incomprehensible to Serbo-Croatian speakers (Czech 10%, Polish 5%), but Serbo-Croatian has some limited comprehension of Slovak, on the order of 25%. The person did not understand everything what I wrote. I can give you an example of how I can read Bulgarian: Hello Mr Lindsay, However, in terms of vocabulary Ukrainian is closer to Polish, from which it has borrowed a large number of words. FluentU is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Is Ukrainian mutually intelligible with Polish? Hello, can you tell me, how much Kajkavian can your average Chakavian speaker understand in percentage? We found that Czech and Slovak have by far the highest level of mutual intelligibility, followed by Croatian and Slovene. https://www.academia.edu/4080349/Mutual_Intelligibility_of_Languages_in_the_Slavic_Family A Serbian friend of mine was estaunished to see how some Macedonian celebrities speak Serbian on the TV without accent. This is great. Instead Eastern Lach and Western Lach have difficult intelligibility and are separate languages, so Lach itself is a macrolanguage. Belarussian is nonetheless a separate language from both Ukrainian and Russian. 25/01/23 | StarsInsider. Mutual intelligibility between languages can make learning them much easier. Many people know cases well but simply dont want to speak them correctly in conversation with someone who doesnt speak them correctly because that makes them feel like they want to judge other people who doesnt use cases correctly or that makes them more educated, even more smart, than someone who doesnt use it, and that makes both sides uncomfortable. Hence, many religious books were imported from Russia, and these books influenced Bulgarian. Your English is pretty much ok. Un- or fortunately, you are right about the thesis about Macedonian and Bulgarian. To some extent, Russian, Rusyn, Ukrainian, and Belarusian retain a degree of mutual intelligibility. Russian, the native language of 160 million people, including many . Postby voron 2018-01-26, 22:33. You can pick up the gist of thats being said in any sentence. If you speak Russian, you might be surprised at how much Ukrainian you understand. This implies that some of the high intelligibility between Slovak and Polish may be due to bilingual learning on the part of Slovaks. The differences to me are like New England English versus English in the deep South versus Australian. As far as grammars are concerned (declension and conjugation), they are so similar that there is almost no effort in understanding that this noun is, for example, in dative plural, and that verb is imperfective past. They say, ~60%, ~65%, etc. Belarusian is closer to Polish and Ukrainian than Russian. Czech has 94% intelligibility of Slovak, 12% of Polish, and 5% of Russian and Bulgarian. So here you have a case, when I could not understand everything, but I could grasp the meaning (at least). If the Torlaks can understand those languages it is because they have been hearing them! To my opinion, Macedonian and Bulgarian would be today much closer if Macedonian had not been heavily influenced by Serbian and Bulgarian not influenced so much by Russian.
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