Hazardous attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the quality of decisions, Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner. Instill importance of "see and avoid" in the student, During landingconduct stabilized approaches, maintain desired airspeed on final, demonstrate good judgment for go-arounds, wake turbulence, traffic, and terrain avoidance. (c) For the purposes of this PBL structures the lessons to confront students with problems that are encountered in real life and forces them to reach real-world solutions. However, these procedures require It is important that the student understand options that may be available to decrease workload. Students who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? conversation" does not always have to imply just those persons on board conversation with jump seat riders. Background: While some studies have described the importance of reducing interruptions as a tactic to reduce medication errors, work is needed to assess the impact on . because our cruise altitude was 8000 feet, and we were accustomed to conversation Providing a solo endorsement for a student who is not fully prepared to accept the responsibility for solo flight operations, or providing an endorsement for an additional rating to a pilot not meeting the appropriate regulatory requirements, is also a breach of faith with the applicant, As discussed on page 8-2, aviation training and flight operations are now seen as a system rather than individual concepts. In aviation, the sterile flight deck rule or sterile cockpit rule is a procedural requirement that during critical phases of flight (normally below 10,000 ft or 3,050 m), only activities required for the safe operation of the aircraft may be carried out by the flight crew, and all non-essential activities in the cockpit are forbidden. Instancia integrada por cuatro diputados miembros de la Comisin Jurisdiccional, que tiene a su cargo practicar todas las diligencias necesarias para la comprobacin de la conducta o hecho de responsabilidad poltica y/o penal de algn servidor pblico incluido en el artculo 110 constitucional . If a recovery is necessary, there is absolutely nothing to be gained by having the student on the controls and having to fight for control of the aircraft. According to one definition, safety is the freedom from conditions that can cause death, injury, or illness; damage to/loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.FAA regulations are intended to promote safety by eliminating or mitigating conditions that can cause death, injury, or damage. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Providing this atmosphere for learning is one of the first and most important tasks of the instructor. While the regulation grew out of accidents in the airline industry, it holds true for the entire aviation community. Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions, which require a more reflective response. If fuel quantity is lower than expected on a cross-country flight, the priority can shift from making a scheduled arrival time at the destination, to locating a nearby airport to refuel. A subsequent investigation to flying the aircraft. According to NTSB accident data, inflight encounters with weather (attempting VFR flight into IMC) is one of the most lethal types of GA flying, Integrated flight instruction begins with the first briefing on the function of the flight controls. shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. Other valuable flight deck resources include current aeronautical charts and publications, such as the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), It should be pointed out to students that passengers can also be a valuable resource. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. by the conversation. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. [Figure 8-4], The flight instructor needs to be well prepared and highly organized if complex maneuvers and procedures are to be taught effectively. Then, the instructor demonstrates the maneuver, allows the student to practice the maneuver under direction, and finally evaluates student accomplishment by observing the performance, Assessment of demonstrated ability during flight instruction must be based upon established standards of performance, suitably modified to apply to the students experience and stage of development as a pilot. It's no secret. With the advent of electronic checklists, it has become easier to develop and maintain personal checklists from the manufacturers checklist with additions for specific aircraft and operations, In addition, the AFM/POH, which is required to be carried onboard the aircraft, is essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving inflight equipment malfunctions. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. Since useful tools and sources of information may not always be readily apparent, learning to recognize these resources is an essential part of ADM training. cockpit and cabin crew members the captain can politely say, "I think the the danger is that i can appear to be . When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications by flight attendants during the sterile cockpit period can be distracting and Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. reasons for non-adherence to the sterile cockpit rule: The most habitually cited offense A good time to establish the desire To prevent these symptoms, it is recommended that an ample supply of water be carried and used at frequent intervals on any long flight, whether the pilot is thirsty or not. This demonstration should in no instance be less than the complete procedure prescribed in the applicable PTS, When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical test, his or her signature on the FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, is valid for 60 days. It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. On a cross-country flight, you become disoriented. This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. If fatigue occurs as a result of application to a learning task, the student should be given a break in instruction and practice, A CFI who is familiar with the signs indicative to acute fatigue will be more aware if the student is experiencing them. a very fine elucidation. In an emergency situation, the first priority is to fly the aircraft and maintain a safe airspeed, Another important part of managing workload is recognizing a work overload situation. It is just as important that a student be advanced to the subsequent step as soon as one goal has been attained, as it is to complete each step before the next one is undertaken. To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. Flight Instructors and the Sterile Cockpit Rule These two reports represent the dilemma all flight instructors face when applying the sterile cockpit rule to actual flight instruction. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. Doing several things at once, though, may mean that something important falls through the cracks. In this case, the pilot landed his aircraft without loss of life, Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. With the flight vividly etched in the students memory, questions about the flight will come quickly, Correction of student errors should not include the practice of immediately taking the controls away when a mistake is made. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. FAR 121.542 Fatigue is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods and flight instruction should be continued only as long as the student is alert, receptive to instruction, and is performing at a level consistent with experience, It is important for a CFI to be able to detect fatigue, both in assessing a students substandard performance early in a lesson, and also in recognizing the deterioration of performance. To ensure the solo flight is a positive, confidence-building experience for the student, the flight instructor needs to consider time of day when scheduling the flight. Use coordinated aileron and rudder control pressures. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight. the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way Obviously, distractions lead to accidents. Then, the instructor adds unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather that brings excessive winds during final approach. If the airplane has a canopy or roof window, wearing light-colored, porous clothing and a hat helps provide protection from the sun. The following is an example of the type of scenario that can be presented to illustrate the poor judgment chain, A private pilot with 100 hours of flight time made a precautionary landing on a narrow dirt runway at a private airport. Some reports contained He did not use the fuel tables printed in the pilots operating handbook (POH) for the aircraft he was flying on this trip. These include but are not limited to: Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations, Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydration, Students who believe their instruction is inadequate, or that their efforts are not conscientiously considered and evaluated, do not learn well. This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. when climbing above 10,000 feet. The examples shown contain the essential elements of each endorsement. But a valuable Upon reaching a wings-level attitude, reduce power and trim to remove control pressures, Second, the student tells as the instructor does. Instructors can help new students feel comfortable with ATC by encouraging them to take advantage of services, such as flight following and Flight Watch. The procedures and elements mastered in each step should be clearly identified in explaining or demonstrating the performance of the subsequent step, Impatience can result from instruction keyed to the pace of a slow learner when it is applied to a motivated, fast learner. that problems arose when non-pertinent company radio calls and PA announcements After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. If a misunderstanding exists, it can be corrected before the student becomes absorbed in controlling the aircraft, Application is the third step in this method. critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. Significant emotional upsets may be due to personal problems, psychiatric disturbances, or a dislike of the training program or the instructor, The experiences of students outside their training activities affect behavior and performance in training; the two cannot be separated. The Sterile Cockpit Rule is an FAA regulation requiring pilots to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. The sterile cockpit rule was designed instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. An assessment should provide direction and guidance to raise the level of performance. We carefully reviewed 63 reports that had been previously coded to fly together for several days and never discuss anything except items related Jumping, Aiming and Breaking, learn how to hit center ball. The instructor observes as the student performs, and then makes appropriate comments, In this phase, the instructor traditionally evaluates student performance, records the students performance, and verbally advises the student of the progress made toward the objectives. Students who do not understand the principles involved will probably not be able to do this successfully, Flight instructors have the responsibility to provide guidance and restraint with respect to the solo operations of their students. Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision-Making, provides background references, definitions, and other pertinent information about ADM training in the GA environment. by analysts as having some relevance to the sterile cockpit rule. Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. call to the flight attendants on the interphone. By starting with the simplest skill, a student gains confidence and is less likely to become frustrated when faced with building skills that are more complex, Another consideration in this phase is the language used. [Figure 8-3], Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness, or the appearance of irritation with the student. Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit If the student is unable to land in the first third, teach him or her to make an immediate go around. If possible, avoid ending the evaluation on a negative note, As discussed in Chapter 5, Assessment, collaborative assessment (or learner centered grading (LCG)) is a form of authentic assessment currently used in aviation training with problem-based learning (PBL). But as this review She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. However, a pilot can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed, and learn skills to improve decision-making ability and judgment, While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps the pilot recognize errors, and in turn enables the pilot to manage the error to minimize its effects. Sometimes, sound ADM calls for going against procedure. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because The instructor should be aware of the students thought processes. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. Sterile Cockpit Rule. This is where learning takes place and where performance habits are formed. It has everything to do with a pure mental environment. Therefore, in addition to forcing total concentration on the part of the student, this method provides a means for keeping the instructor aware of what the student is thinking. The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. Any observed tendency of a student to enter flight maneuvers without first making a careful check for other air traffic must be corrected immediately. Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that is placed in the applicants logbook or training record (Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). Most illnesses adversely affect the acuteness of vision, hearing, and feeling, all of which are essential to correct performance, Airsickness can be a great deterrent to flight instruction.